LIQ004Factor HubLiquidity FactorsMedium

Bid-Ask Spread Factor

Spread over mid-price is the cleanest measure of trading friction.

Formula

Spread = (卖一价 - 买一价) / ((卖一价 + 买一价) / 2)

Annualized return

3.04%

Sharpe ratio

0.25

Max drawdown

-33.00%

Total return

34.97%

Cumulative performance（2016-09 … 2026-08）

2016 -6.5%2017 -0.9%2018 +2.2%2019 +24.3%2020 +13.2%2021 +11.8%2022 +26.5%2023 -8.4%2024 -3.3%2025 -6.4%2026 -13.6%

#	Ticker	Company	Score
1	DD	DuPont	0.004
2	STLD	Steel Dynamics	0.004
3	SJM	J.M. Smucker	0.004
4	REGN	Regeneron	0.004
5	URI	United Rentals	0.004
6	CMG	Chipotle Mexican Grill	0.004
7	WEC	WEC Energy	0.004
8	CF	CF Industries	0.004
9	ED	Consolidated Edison	0.004
10	EMR	Emerson Electric	0.004
11	LII	Lennox International	0.004
12	EBAY	eBay	0.003
13	XEL	Xcel Energy	0.003
14	PCAR	Paccar	0.003
15	ES	Eversource Energy	0.003
16	EQIX	Equinix	0.003
17	GM	General Motors	0.003
18	DELL	Dell Technologies	0.003
19	CE	Celanese	0.003
20	ZS	Zscaler	0.003
21	SPG	Simon Property Group	0.003
22	TDG	TransDigm	0.003
23	FTV	Fortive	0.003
24	MDLZ	Mondelez	0.002
25	BLK	BlackRock	0.002
26	CHTR	Charter Communications	0.002
27	SCCO	Southern Copper	0.002
28	RIO	Rio Tinto	0.002
29	ADI	Analog Devices	0.002
30	UDR	UDR	0.002

Holdings computed by the exact formula above at the latest month-end observation on the deterministic research panel (2026-08).

Exports include formulas, performance statistics, the 120-month series and current holdings — everything needed to replicate results locally.